Born

Charles Robert Darwin
12 February 1809
The Mount, Shrewsbury, Shropshire, United Kingdom

Died

19 April 1882 (aged 73)
Down House, Luxted Road,Downe, Kent, UK

Residence

England

Citizenship

British

Nationality

British

Fields

Natural history, Geology

Institutions

Tertiary education:
University of Edinburgh Medical School (medicine)
Christ's College, Cambridge(University of Cambridge) (BA)
Professional institution:
Geological Society of London

Academic advisors

John Stevens Henslow
Adam Sedgwick

Known for

The Voyage of the Beagle
On the Origin of Species
evolution by
natural selection,
common descent

Influences

Alexander von Humboldt
John Herschel
Charles Lyell

Influenced

Joseph Dalton Hooker
Thomas Henry Huxley
George Romanes
Ernst Haeckel
Sir John Lubbock

Notable awards

Royal Medal (1853)
Wollaston Medal (1859)
Copley Medal (1864)

Spouse

Emma Darwin (married 1839)

Children

10 children

Signature

Charles Robert Darwin, (February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist and geologist,st known for his contributions to evolutionary theory. He established that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors, and a joint publication with Alfred Russel Wallace introduced his scientific theory that this branching pattern ofevolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection, in which the struggle for existence has a similar effect to theartificial selection involved in selective breeding.

Carl Linnaeus 

(23 May[note 1] 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement as  Carl von Linné was Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist, who laid the foundations for the modern biological naming scheme of binomial nomenclature. He is known as the father of modern taxonomy, and is also considered one of the fathers of modern ecology. Many of his writings were in Latin, and his name is rendered in Latin as Carolus Linnæus (after 1761 Carolus a Linné).

Born

6 August 1881
Lochfield, Ayrshire, Scotland

Died

11 March 1955 (aged 73)
London, England

Citizenship

United Kingdom

Nationality

Scottish

Fields

Bacteriology, immunology

Alma mater

Royal Polytechnic Institution
St Mary's Hospital Medical School
Imperial College London

Known for

Discovery of penicillin

Notable awards

• FRS (1943)

• Nobel Prize (1945)

• Knight Bachelor (1944)

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Sir Alexander Fleming, FRSE, FRS,[1] FRCS(Eng) (6 August 1881 – 11 March 1955) was a Scottish biologist, pharmacologist andbotanist. He wrote many articles on bacteriology, immunology, and chemotherapy. His best-known discoveries are the enzymelysozyme in 1923 and the antibiotic substance penicillin from the mould Penicillium notatum in 1928, for which he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945 with Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain.

Born

30 August 1871
Brightwater, Tasman District, New Zealand

Died

19 October 1937 (aged 66)
Cambridge, England, UK

Residence

New Zealand, United Kingdom

Citizenship

New Zealand, United Kingdom

Fields

Physics and Chemistry

Institutions

McGill University
University of Manchester

Alma mater

University of Canterbury
University of Cambridge

Academic advisors

Alexander Bickerton
J. J. Thomson

Doctoral students

Nazir Ahmed
Norman Alexander
Edward Victor Appleton
Robert William Boyle
Rafi Muhammad Chaudhry
Alexander MacAulay
Cecil Powell
Henry DeWolf Smyth
Ernest Walton
C. E. Wynn-Williams
Yulii Borisovich Khariton

Other notable students

Edward Andrade
Edward Victor Appleton
Patrick Blackett
Niels Bohr
Bertram Boltwood
Harriet Brooks
Teddy Bullard
James Chadwick
John Cockcroft
Charles Galton Darwin
Charles Drummond Ellis
Kazimierz Fajans
Hans Geiger
Otto Hahn
Douglas Hartree
Pyotr Kapitsa
George Laurence
Iven Mackay
Ernest Marsden
Mark Oliphant
Thomas Royds
Frederick Soddy

Known for

Father of nuclear physics
Rutherford model
Rutherford scattering
Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy
Discovery of proton
Rutherford (unit)
Coining the term 'artificial disintegration'

Influenced

Henry Moseley
Hans Geiger
Albert Beaumont Wood

Notable awards

Rumford Medal (1904)
Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1908)
Elliott Cresson Medal (1910)
Matteucci Medal (1913)
Copley Medal (1922)
Franklin Medal (1924)
Albert Medal (1928)
Faraday Medal (1930)

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Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson, (30 August 1871 – 19 October 1937) was a New Zealand-born British physicist who became known as the father of nuclear physics.Encyclopædia Britannica considers him to be the greatest experimentalist since Michael Faraday (1791–1867).

Born

December 27, 1822
Dole, France

Died

September 28, 1895 (aged 72)
Marnes-la-Coquette, France

Nationality

French

Fields

Chemistry
Microbiology

Institutions

University of Strasbourg
Lille University of Science and Technology
École Normale Supérieure
Pasteur Institute

Alma mater

École Normale Supérieure

Notable students

Charles Friedel[1]

Notable awards

Rumford Medal (1856, 1892)
Copley Medal (1874)
Albert Medal (1882)
Leeuwenhoek Medal (1895)

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Louis Pasteur (/ˈluːi pæˈstɜr/, French: [lwi pastœʁ]; December 27, 1822 – September 28, 1895) was a French chemist andmicrobiologist renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation and pasteurization.

Born

26 August 1743
Paris, France

Died

8 May 1794 (aged 50)
Paris, France

Fields

biologist, chemist

Known for

• Combustion

• Identified Oxygen

• Identified Hydrogen

• Stoichiometry

Influences

Guillaume-François Rouelle,Étienne Condillac

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Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier (also Antoine Lavoisier after the French Revolution; 26 August 1743 – 8 May 1794; French pronunciation: ​[ɑ̃twan lɔʁɑ̃ də lavwazje]) was a French nobleman and chemist central to the 18th-century Chemical Revolution and a large influence on both the histories of chemistry and biology.He is widely considered to be the "Father of Modern Chemistry."

Born

6 September 1766
Eaglesfield, Cumberland, England

Died

27 July 1844 (aged 77)
Manchester, England

Notable students

James Prescott Joule

Known for

Atomic theory, Law of Multiple Proportions, Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures, Daltonism

Influences

John Gough

Notable awards

Royal Medal (1826)

Author abbrev. (botany)

Jn.Dalton

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John Dalton FRS (6 September 1766 – 27 July 1844) was an English chemist, meteorologist and physicist. He is best known for his pioneering work in the development of modern atomic theory, and his research into colour blindness (sometimes referred to as Daltonism, in his honour).

Born

9 August 1776
Turin, Italy

Died

9 July 1856 (aged 79)
Turin, Italy

Nationality

Italian

Fields

Physics

Institutions

University of Turin

Known for

Avogadro's law
Avogadro constant

Lorenzo Romano Amedeo Carlo Avogadro di Quaregna e di Cerreto,Count of Quaregna and Cerreto (9 August 1776, Turin,Piedmont – 9 July 1856) was an Italian scientist. He is most noted for his contributions to molecular theory, including what is known asAvogadro's law. In tribute to him, the number of elementary entities (atoms, molecules, ions or other particles) in 1 mole of a substance, 6.02214179(30)×1023, is known as the Avogadro constant.

Born

13 June 1831
Edinburgh, Scotland

Died

5 November 1879(aged 48)
Cambridge, England

Citizenship

British

Nationality

Scottish

Fields

Physics and mathematics

Institutions

Marischal College, Aberdeen
King's College London
University of Cambridge

Alma mater

University of Edinburgh
University of Cambridge

Academic advisors

William Hopkins

Notable students

George Chrystal

Known for

Maxwell's equations
Maxwell distribution
Maxwell's demon
Maxwell's discs
Maxwell speed distribution
Maxwell's theorem
Maxwell material
Generalized Maxwell model
Displacement current
Maxwell coil
Maxwell's wheel[1]

Notable awards

Smith's Prize (1854)
Adams Prize (1857)
Rumford Medal (1860)
Keith Prize (1869–71)

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James Clerk Maxwell FRS FRSE (13 June 1831 – 5 November 1879) was a Scottish mathematical physicist.s most notable achievement was to formulate the classical theory of electromagnetic radiation, bringing together for the first time electricity,magnetism, and light as manifestations of the same phenomenon. Maxwell's equations for electromagnetism have been called the "second great unification in physics"[after the first one realised by Isaac Newton.